Adept Digital Eye Program Tracking
Tracker tracker:
Shown here as an example: https://www.eyespysupply.com/cell-phone-and-gps-detector-dd3000.html
Once Programmed….
Once the AI machines are programmed and launched a newly formed algorithmic bias appears. Not a hypothetical. Studies show that AI learning systems adapt the racial, sexist and various prejudices of the man, women and groups that programs them, invariably based on the will of the society they are a part of and that is surrounding them.
Danger from Ignoring Duty
“…data they have is from police body cams, which tells us a lot about who an individual police officer may profile, but doesn’t give us a full picture,” says Whittaker. “There’s a real danger with this that we are universalizing biased accusations with potential pictures of criminality and crime.” … says Meredith Whittaker, co-director of the ethics-focused AI Now institute at NYU.
When AI eyes get AI brains to match, a technical and ethical problem arise where machines cannot understand the world as humans do and we allow said machines to make human and moral decisions in our place due to laziness and stagnations of thought.
AI is SMART
Artificial intelligence is giving surveillance cameras digital brains to match their eyes, letting them analyze live video with no humans necessary, notably vr camera surveillance. Read here for the evolution of the smartphone and VR in an opinion write up by Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2019-03-02-engadget-15-year-anniversary-15-things.html
Track a Human sans AI
Firstly, how to track someone’s eyes without AI assistance: Nonverbal Cues
Eye-Blocking
Sometimes, when people literally do not like what they see, they will cover or shield their eyes. This can be a reaction either to something they are seeing or hearing, and it’s an indicator that they are very uncomfortable.
Pupillometry
Pupillometry is the measurement of pupil size and reactivity. Not only is it part of a clinical neurological exam for people who may have neurological injuries, but it is also used in psychology. When people see something stimulating or are aroused, their pupils will stay dilated. Conversely, when people see something negative, their pupils will constrict in an attempt to block out the image.
Persistent Eye Contact
When engaged in conversation, eye contact with another person is expected to be regular but not overly consistent. In fact, the level and consistency of eye contact are frequently evaluated subconsciously by most people to evaluate whether another person is being honest and direct with them.
Evasive Eye Contact
Conversely, evasive eye contact can communicate shame or a sense of dishonesty. If someone’s eyes shift a lot or if they are unable to maintain eye contact during a conversation, then this behavior could be perceived as negative nonverbal communication. Interestingly, however, in a question-and-answer situation, when someone looks away to consider their response rather than maintaining persistent eye contact, they are more likely to provide a correct answer.
Blinking
While it’s natural to blink to provide moisture for your eyes, there are other times that blinking can provide insight into a person’s behavior and emotions. Subconsciously, our emotions and feelings toward another person can cause us to alter our blink rate when engaged in conversation with them. For this reason, blinking more than the average of six to 10 times per minute is often seen as a sign of flirting. Rapid blinking can be a good indicator that someone is attracted to the person with whom they are talking.
Eye Direction
Generally speaking, the direction someone looks in doesn’t have significant meaning. It becomes important, however, when they are considering an answer or response. Looking to the left while thinking can indicate that a person is either reminiscing or trying to remember something. Since looking to the right while thinking typically indicates creative thoughts, this eye direction can be interpreted as a potential sign of deceitfulness. Be careful about jumping to conclusions, however, since someone who is left-handed will likely reverse these eye-direction indicators.
BODY LANGUAGE plays as much a role as eye movements.
Tech to Human Eye Tracking
Eye Tracking is one of the ways to measure human behavior, through the movements of the eyes. The eye’s movements, eye positions, and points of focus of the eyes.
The eyes are attached to the face which has many contorting muscles connected to the 7th cranial nerve. Making facial muscles observation as valuable as eye tracking.
As well the entire body has it’s own language of movements and reactions to situations. All can be assembled to track, observe and measure any human or animal.
Format of Eye
Firstly, the eyes are considered the portals to the essence of life. When focusing on the eyes only – we can see the brain processes images through light-sensing cells in the retina. The rod cells and cone cells detect light that comes in through the pupil and send the visual data to the basal ganglia for rendering.
There are far fewer cone cells than rod cells in the retina. Cone cells facilitate humans to capture and render high resolution and full color imagery. The rod cells focus on logic and black and white arguments.
Cone cells are in the congregated at the center of the visual field. The location named fovea, is the region with the highest visual accuracy within the eye, however it is a very tightly wound center point of the eye. Flanking and surrounding the foveal region is the peripheral region, where visual clarity decreases to minimal.
When you look straight ahead, your eyes are able to cover a visual field of about 180 degrees horizontally and 90 degrees vertically. With such a broad visual field, it’s important for the eyes to focus on just a small portion.
If everything in our visual field were in focus, our brain would be overloaded with information. While your eyes are able to take in everything within their visual field, they focus on just 2 degrees of the field, which is called foveal vision.
The fovea refers to the center of the retina where the cells that are responsible for high visual acuity are clustered.
The eye has to move to keep up due to it’s clarity field being so narrow. This circumstance allows easier tracking and surveillance of eyemovements and the motives.Many movements are tracked and analyzed with the top three being fixations, saccades, and smooth pursuit.
Fixations occur when the eye stops to collect visual data.
Saccades are intermittent and rapid stuttered movements which the eye performs between fixations in a static environment.
Saccades are not as valuable to eye trackers as fixations are. Yet, they do reveal patterns of visual attention.
Smooth pursuit is the eye movement that when following it’s interest. Visual inputting takes place during smooth pursuit allowing for tracking the eye patterns.
Pupil size changes according to various conditions and are also tracked.
Eye tracking works by following the eye position and movements non-intrusively. All eye movements, the facial muscles and body positions are aggregated to paint pictures and resolutions desired by the trackers. All the eye and bodily movements are calculated using advanced AI driven, mathematical algorithms.
Eye movement speed and frequency averages are:
Fixation, From 100 to over 600 milliseconds
Usual duration: 100-300 milliseconds
Typical frequency: around 3 Hz
Saccade, From 20 to 120 milliseconds
Usual duration: 20-40 milliseconds
Up to 600-700 degrees/second
Typical frequency: 4 times/second at about 4 Hz rate
Smooth pursuit – up to 30 degrees/second.
Who wants to track
The tech is used in the field of psychology, neuroscience, marketing, video games, access, consumer movements, social science, medical use and can be mixed with more biosensors like:
FEA (Facial Expression Analysis)
ECG (Electrocardiogram)
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
EDA (Electrodermal Activity)
EMG (Electromyograph)
I See you Watching Me
Human behavior changes as soon as the mind believes it is being surveilled. The Hawthorne Effect states a being changes their behavior knowing they are under observation. Squinting makes trackers mad.
https://www.bitbrain.com/blog/eye-tracking-technology for more detail.
Here are vids of the after tracking sessions and what the marketers looked at.
This heatmap is an aggregate from many participants performing the same task. The colored areas indicate where people looked, with red areas signifying the most amount of time, followed by yellow and green, respectively. To get this type of visualization, we recommend having at least 39 participants perform the same task on the same page.
Human Behavior
Eyetracking research has yielded major findings such as: Banner blindness, avoiding elements perceived as ads.
Gazing displays F-patterns and the layer-cake patterns. Every individual has a different eye shape, face shape, and height. Consequently, trackers must “learn specifics” about each participant before it can follow their gaze. Once calibrated, the participant must stay roughly in the same position or the tracker will lose calibration.
More detail: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/eyetracking-setup/
As far as liberties being removed from persons and groups, it is an ongoing motive of the trackers.
Links of interest:
https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/09/17/global-expansion-of-ai-surveillance-pub-79847
https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/security/g28719483/trick-surveillance-systems/
https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/topic/stingray-technology-government-tracks-cellular-devices/
https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/topic/cellphone-surveillance-the-secret-arsenal/
7 Maps to a Being, click here.
What to Expect to Gain Here, the list
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